mechanical digital calculator

calculator Use in education

A student with a calculator.

In most developed countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. There was initial resistance to the idea out of concerns that basic arithmetic skills could be affected. There is still a debate about the importance of having the ability to calculate calculations with a pencil and "in the head," and some curricula limit calculator usage until a certain degree of proficiency is reached some focusing more on teaching estimation skills and solving problems.

There are also other issues to consider, for instance it is possible for a student to utilize the calculator in a wrong way however, they should believe that this is the result that was provided to the calculator. Teachers try to combat this by urging the student to calculate the outcome manually and make sure it's close to the calculatedresult. Also, it is possible for children to input the formula -1 x 1 and get the correct answerof 1 without understanding the concept involved. In this manner the calculator can become a tool for a child rather than a tool for learning, and it may slow students during exams as they scrutinize even the most trivial result on a calculator.

Other issues related to the use

Errors aren't limited to schoolchildren. Anyone who uses a calculator can blindly depend on the calculator's output without double-checking the significance of the result--i.e. exactly where the decimal points are located. This issue was not present in the days of slide rules and pencil-and-paper calculations. The task to determine the magnitudes of the results was performed in the hands of the users.

Some fractions like 2/3 are not quite easy to display on a calculator display since they are typically rounded to 0.66666667. Some fractions, like 0.14285714... are likely to be difficult to comprehend in decimal form--in fact, this number is 1/7. Certain of the more sophisticated scientific calculators can operate with vulgar fractions, however, the process in actual use is awkward.Basic calculator

Calculators vs. computing

The primary difference between calculators and the majority of computers is the fact that calculators are purely numeric instruments, while computers may use numbers to directly manipulate words, images or sounds, for example.

Markets for calculators is extremely price-sensitive; typically the user cares primarily about the least expensive one with a particular feature set, but does not focus on speed (since speed is typically limited by the speed with which the user is able to press those buttons). Thus designers of calculators strive to minimize how many logic elements within the chip, not the number of clock cycles needed to perform a computation.

For instance, in lieu of the use of a hardware multiplier or a multiplier in the hardware, a calculator might implement floating point maths using code inside ROM, and also compute trigonometric computations using the CORDIC algorithm as CORDIC does not need floating-point. In the same way, bit-serial logic designs are more prevalent in calculators however bit-parallel designs dominate general-purpose computers. A bit serial design can reduce the complexity of the chip but requires more clock cycles.

Personal computers as well as personal digital assistants may perform general calculations in a variety ways:

  • Many programs exist for performing calculations, from simple calculator emulators to advanced scientific calculators such as Microsoft Calculator, to advanced spreadsheet applications like Excel as well as OpenOffice.org Calc.
  • Computer algebra programs such as Mathematica, Maple, or Matlab can perform complex calculations.
  • Client-side scripting can be used to perform calculations, e.g. by entering "javascript:alert(calculation written in Javascript)" in a web browser's address bar (as opposed to "http://website name"). The calculations may be included in a separate Javascript in a separate HTML or Javascript HTML file, as well.
  • Online calculators such as one of the calculator feature of Google's Google search engine, can carry out calculations server-side.

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